Includes bibliographical references (pages 605-700) and index.

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Why Worry About Substance Abuse or Addiction? -- Substance Use Disorders as Unsuspected Influences on Society -- Scope of the Problem of the Substance Use Disorders -- Cost of Chemical Abuse Addiction -- Who Treats Persons with an SUD? -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 2 Nature of the Beast -- Why Do People Choose to Use Drugs or Alcohol? -- Drug Abuse Cycles -- Continuum of Chemical Use -- What Do We Mean When We Say That Somebody Is "Addicted" to a Chemical? -- Definitions of Terms Used in This Text -- Behavioral "Addictions" -- Unanswered Questions -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 3 Brief Introduction to the Science of Pharmacology -- Basic Misconception -- Prime Effect and Side Effect of Chemicals -- Method by Which a Compound Is Administered -- Bioavailability -- Drug Half-life -- Effective Dose -- Lethal Dose and Therapeutic Index -- Therapeutic Threshold and Peak Effects -- Site of Action -- Receptor Site and the Process of Neurotransmission -- Potency -- Blood-Brain Barrier -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 4 Introduction to Alcohol: Man's Oldest Recreational Chemical -- Why Do People Consume Alcohol? -- Brief History of Alcohol -- Alcohol Today -- How Alcoholic Beverages Are Produced Today -- Working Definition of Rare or Social Drinking -- Scope of Alcohol Use in the United States Today -- Pharmacology of Ethyl Alcohol -- Biotransformation of Alcohol -- Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) -- Subjective Effects of Alcohol on the Individual at Normal Doses in the Social Drinker -- Medical Complications of Alcohol Use for the Social Drinker -- Alcohol Use and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 5 Alcohol Use Disorders -- Working Definition of the Alcohol Use Disorders -- Scope of the Problem -- Who Is the Typical Person with an Alcohol Use Disorder? -- Alcohol Dependence, Tolerance, and "Craving" -- Complications of Chronic Alcohol Use -- Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome -- Alcohol Use and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 6 Abuse and Addiction to Barbiturates and Barbiturate-Like Compounds -- Early Medical Treatment of Anxiety and Insomnia -- History and Current Medical Uses of Barbiturates -- Pharmacology of the Barbiturates -- Subjective Effects of Barbiturates at Normal Dosage Levels -- Complications of Barbiturate Use at Normal Dosage Levels -- Effects of the Barbiturates at Above-Normal Dosage Levels -- Neuroadaptation, Tolerance, and Physical Dependence on Barbiturates -- Barbiturate-Like Drugs -- Alcohol Use and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 7 Abuse and Addiction to the Benzodiazepines and Similar Agents -- Medical Uses of the Benzodiazepines -- Pharmacology of the Benzodiazepines -- Subjective Effects of Benzodiazepines at Normal Dosage Levels -- Side Effects of the Benzodiazepines when Used at Normal Dosage Levels -- Neuroadaptation to, Abuse of, and Addiction to, the Benzodiazepines -- Benzodiazepine Receptor Antagonists (Z-Compounds or BRAs) -- Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorders and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 8 Abuse and Addiction to Central Nervous System Stimulants -- CNS Stimulants as Used in Medical Practice -- CNS Stimulant Abuse -- CNS Stimulant Abuse and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 9 Cocaine Abuse and Dependence -- Brief History of Cocaine -- Current Medical Uses of Cocaine -- Scope of the Problem of the Cocaine Use Disorders -- Pharmacology of Cocaine -- How Illicit Cocaine Is Produced -- Methods of Cocaine Abuse -- Subjective Effects of Abused Cocaine -- Complications of Cocaine Abuse/Addiction -- CNS Stimulant Abuse and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 10 Marijuana Abuse and Addiction -- History of Marijuana Use/Abuse -- Medico-Legal Conundrum -- Question of Potency -- Technical Point -- Scope of the Problem -- Pharmacology of Marijuana -- Methods of Marijuana Abuse -- Subjective Effects of Marijuana Abuse -- Adverse Effects of Marijuana Abuse -- Consequences of Chronic Marijuana Abuse -- Marijuana Use and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 11 Opioid Use, Abuse, and Addiction -- Short History of the Natural and Synthetic Opioids -- I. Medical Applications of Narcotic Analgesics -- Section Summary -- II. Opiates as Drugs of Abuse -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 12 Abuse and Addiction to Hallucinogens -- Short History of Hallucinogens -- Scope of the Problem -- Pharmacology of the Hallucinogens -- Methods of Abuse -- Pharmacology of LSD -- Subjective Effects of LSD -- Phencyclidine -- Complications of PCP Abuse -- Ecstasy (MDMA) -- Subjective and Objective Effects of MDMA Abuse -- Complications of MDMA Abuse -- Salvia Divinorum -- Phencyclidine and Hallucinogen Use and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 13 Abuse and Addiction to Inhalants and Aerosols -- Brief History of Inhalant Abuse -- Pharmacology of the Inhalants -- Scope of the Problem of Inhalant Abuse -- Methods of Inhalant Abuse -- Subjective Effects of Inhalants -- Complications Induced by Inhalant Abuse -- Anesthetic Misuse -- Abuse of Nitrites -- Inhalant Abuse and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 14 Underrecognized Problem of Steroid Abuse and Addiction -- Introduction to the Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids -- Medical Uses of Anabolic Steroids -- Why Steroids Are Abused -- Legal Status of Anabolic Steroids -- Scope of the Problem of Steroid Abuse -- Pharmacology of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids -- Sources and Methods of Steroid Abuse -- Unknown Hazards of Steroid Abuse -- Known Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids when Abused -- Are Anabolic Steroids Addictive? -- Anabolic Steroid Use or Abuse and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 15 Over-the-Counter Analgesics: Unexpected Agents of Abuse and Danger -- Short History of the OTC Analgesics -- Medical uses of the OTC Analgesics -- Normal Dosage Levels of the OTC Analgesics -- Pharmacology of OTC Analgesics -- Complications Caused by OTC Analgesic Use -- OTC Overdoses -- Over-the-Counter Analgesic Use and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 16 Tobacco Products and Nicotine Addiction -- Very Short History of Tobacco Use in the United States -- Scope of the Problem of Tobacco Use -- Pharmacology of Cigarette Smoking -- Effects of Nicotine on the Smoker's Body -- Complications of Long-Term Use of Tobacco Products -- Secondhand Smoke -- Smoking Cessation -- Tobacco Use and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 17 Chemicals and the Neonate: The Potential Consequences of Drug Abuse during Pregnancy -- Scope of the Problem -- Alcohol -- Abuse and Addiction to Amphetamines and Amphetamine-Like Compounds during Pregnancy -- Barbiturate and Barbiturate-Like Drug Abuse during Pregnancy -- Benzodiazepine Use during Pregnancy -- Cigarette Smoking during Pregnancy -- Cocaine Abuse during Pregnancy -- Hallucinogen Abuse during Pregnancy -- Inhalant Abuse during Pregnancy -- Marijuana Use during Pregnancy -- Narcotic Analgesic Abuse during Pregnancy -- Over-the-Counter Analgesic Use during Pregnancy -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 18 Gender and Substance Use Disorders -- Gender and Addiction: The Lessons of History -- Does Gender Affect the Rehabilitation Process? -- Differing Effects of Common Drugs of Abuse on Women -- Alcohol Use Disorders in Women -- Amphetamine Use Disorders in Women -- Benzodiazepine Abuse by Women -- Buspirone Use Disorders and Women -- Cocaine Use Disorders in Women -- Hallucinogen Abuse in Women -- Marijuana Use Disorders in Women -- Narcotics Abuse and Women -- Nicotine Use Disorders in Women -- Other Compounds -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 19 Hidden Faces of Substance Use Disorders -- Substance Use Disorders and the Homeless -- Substance Use Disorders and the Elderly -- Substance Use Disorders in the Military -- Substance Use Disorders in the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Communities -- Substance Abuse and the Disabled -- Ethnic Minorities and Substance Use Disorders -- Combat Veterans and Substance Use Disorders -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 20 Substance Use and Abuse by Children and Adolescents -- Problem of Substance Abuse in Childhood and Adolescence -- Scope of the Problem of Substance Abuse in Childhood and Adolescence -- Why Worry about Substance Use Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence? -- Tobacco Abuse by Children and Adolescents -- Why Do Children and Adolescents Abuse Chemicals? -- Substance Abuse: How Much and When Does It Become Too Much? -- Screening/Assessment Tools -- Possible Diagnostic Criteria for Children or Adolescents with Suspected SUDs -- Consequences of a Substance Use Disorder in a Child or Adolescent -- Adolescent Rehabilitation Programs -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 21 Substance Use Disorders in College Students -- Special Environment -- Scope of the Problem -- If It Is Statistically Normal Why Worry about College Substance Abuse? --

Contents note continued: Consequences of Substance Use Disorders in the College Age Population -- Graduate School -- Are There Forces That Help Protect the Student from Substance Use Disorders? -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 22 Codependency and Enabling -- Enabling -- Codependency -- Reactions to the Concept of Codependency -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 23 Addiction and the Family -- Scope of the Problem -- Addiction and the Family Unit -- Interventions -- Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOA) Movement -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 24 Dual-Diagnosis Client: Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illness -- Definitions -- Theoretical Models -- Dual-Diagnosis Clients: A Diagnostic Challenge -- Why Worry about Dual-Diagnosis Clients? -- Scope of the Problem -- Psychopathology and Drug of Choice -- Problems in Working with the Dual-Diagnosis Client -- Treatment Approaches with Dual-Diagnosis Clients -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 25 Biopsychosocial Model of the Addictions -- I. Biology: The "Bio" Part of the Bio/Psycho/Social Model -- Applications of the Biological Component of the Bio/Psycho/Social Model -- Reactions to the Biological Component of the Bio/Psycho/Social Model -- II. Psychological Components of the Bio/Psycho/Social Model -- Applications of the Psychological Component of the Bio/Psycho/Social Model -- Reactions to the Psychological Models of the Addictions -- III. Social Component of the Bio/Psycho/Social Model -- Applications of the Social Component of the Bio/Psycho/Social Model -- Psycho-Educational Intervention Programs -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 26 Substance Use Disorders as a Disease of the Human Spirit -- How the Soul Was Lost -- Ghost in the Machine -- Pain of Life -- Diseases of the Mind/Diseases of the Spirit: The Mind/Body Question -- Growth of Addictions: The Circle Narrows -- Circle of Addiction: Priorities -- Some of the Games of Addiction -- Honesty: A Building Stone of Recovery -- False Pride -- Role of Defense Mechanisms in the Spiritual Model -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 27 Assessment of Suspected Substance Use Disorders -- Theory behind Substance Use Assessments -- Screening -- Assessment -- Assessment Format -- Diagnostic Rules -- Other Sources of Information: Medical Test Data -- Diagnosis: The Outcome of the Assessment Process -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 28 Intervention -- Definition of Intervention -- Brief History of Intervention -- Characteristics of the Intervention Process -- Mechanics of Intervention -- Ethics of Intervention -- Some Common Forms of Intervention -- Intervention by the Legal System -- Other Forms of Intervention -- Reactions to the Concept of Intervention -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 29 Treatment Settings -- Introduction to Outpatient Treatment -- Introduction to Residential Treatment Programs -- Is There a Legitimate Need for Inpatient Treatment? -- Aftercare Programs -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 30 Treatment of Substance Use Disorders -- Characteristics of the Substance Abuse Rehabilitation Professional -- Minnesota Model of Substance Abuse Treatment -- Other Treatment Formats for Substance Use Disorders -- Treatment Plan -- Aftercare Programs -- Treatment/Research Disconnect -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 31 Process of Treatment -- Decision to Seek Treatment -- Methods of Treatment -- Stages of Recovery -- Specific Points to Address in Substance Abuse Rehabilitation -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 32 Pharmacological Interventions for Substance Use Disorders -- Theory behind Pharmacotherapy of SUDs -- Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders -- Pharmacological Treatment of Amphetamine Use Disorders -- Pharmacological Interventions for Cocaine Use Disorders -- Pharmacological Treatment of Inhalant Use Disorders -- Pharmacological Treatment of Marijuana Use Disorders -- Pharmacological Treatment of Narcotic Use Disorders -- Pharmacological Treatment of the Tobacco Use Disorders -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 33 Relapse and Other Problems Frequently Encountered in Substance Abuse Rehabilitation -- Limit Testing by Clients -- Counselor and Treatment "Secrets" -- Double Standard -- Treatment Noncompliance -- Lapse and Relapse -- Acute Injury -- Problem of Chronic Pain in the Substance Abuser -- Early Recovery and Sexual Activity -- "Cravings" and "Urges" -- "Using" Dream -- Toxicology Testing -- Funding -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 34 Support Groups to Promote and Sustain Recovery -- History of Alcoholics Anonymous -- Elements of AA -- Relationship Between Alcoholics Anonymous and Religion -- One "A" is for Anonymous -- Alcoholics Anonymous and Outside Organizations -- Primary Purpose of Alcoholics Anonymous -- Outcome Studies: The Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous -- Narcotics Anonymous -- Al-Anon and Alateen -- Support Groups Other Than 12-Step Groups -- Challenges to the Traditional 12-Step Movement -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 35 Substance Use Disorders and Infectious Disease -- Why Is Infectious Disease Such a Common Complication for People with an SUD? -- Assorted Bacterial Infection Seen in Intravenous Drug Abusers -- Pneumonias -- Tuberculosis -- Viral Infections -- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) -- Viral Hepatitis -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 36 Debate Over Drugs: The Relationship Between Drugs and Crime -- Criminal Activity and Drug Abuse: Partners in a Dance? -- Drug Use and Violence: The Unseen Connection -- Adulterants -- "Designer" Drugs -- Some Existing Drug Analogs -- THC-Like Designer Drugs -- Hallucinogenic Designer Drugs -- Phenethylamines -- Tryptamines -- Designer Narcotics -- Chapter Summary -- ch. 37 Debate Over Legalization -- Statement of the Problem -- "War" on Drugs: An Ongoing National Disaster -- Reality of the War on Drugs -- Debate Over "Medical Marijuana" -- Legalization of Marijuana -- Chapter Summary.